di Antonella Ciaramella

Non possiamo chiudere questo capitolo senza sottolineare come l’eterogeneità e la frammentarietà dei disturbi raccolti sotto la denominazione di "Disturbi Somatoformi" sia perfettamente rispecchiata nella frammentarietà ed eterogeneità degli strumenti proposti per la loro valutazione. D’altra parte, finché il criterio di raggruppamento di questi disturbi sarà un assunto di tipo clinico (la possibilità, cioè, di escludere dall’etiologia della sintomatologia fisica le patologie di ordine medico o l’effetto di sostanze), piuttosto che da fattori eziopatogenetici comuni, è difficile pensare che potranno essere messi a punto strumenti capaci di esplorare e misurare in maniera più comprensiva ed univoca questi disturbi.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

Bach M, Bach D, de Zwaan M: Independency of alexithymia and somatization: A factor analytic study. Psychosomatics, 37:451, 1996.

Bagby RM, Parker JDA, Taylor GJ: The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, I: Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. J Psychosom Res, 38:23, 1994a.

Bagby RM, Taylor GJ, Parker JDA: The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, II: Convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity. J Psychosom Res, 38:29, 1994b.

Barskey AJ, Cleary PD et al.: A Structured Diagnostic Interview for Hypochondriasis. A proposed criterion standard. J Nerv Ment Dis, 180:20, 1992.

Barskey AJ, Goodson JD et al.: The amplification of somatic symptoms. Psichosom Med, 50:510, 1988.

Barskey AJ, Wyshak G, Klerman GL: The Somatosensory Amplification Scale and its relationship to hypochondriasis. J Psychiat Res, 24:323, 1990.

Briquet P: Traité Clinique et Thérapeutique de l’Hysterie. J-B Ballière & Fils, Paris, 1859.

Buchsbaum M, Silvermann J: Stimulus intensity control and the cortical evoked response. Psychosom Med, 30:600, 1968.

Cuzzolaro M, Vetrone G et al.: BUT: una nuova scala per la valutazione del disagio relativo all’immagine del corpo. Psichiat Inf Adolesc, 66:417, 1999.

De Benedittis G, Massei R et al.: The Italian pain questionnaire. Pain, 33:53, 1988.

De Gruy F, Columbia L, Dickinson P: Somatization disorder in a family practice. J Fam Pract, 24:45, 1987.

Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Covi L: SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale: Preliminary report. In: Guy W (Ed.) " ECDEU Assessment Manual for Pychopharmacology. Revised 1976". DHEW Publication No. (ADM) 76-338, 1976.

Fava GA, Bernardi M: Versione Italiana dell’"Illness Behaviour Questionnaire" (I.B.Q.) di Pilowsky e Spence. Nuovi metodi in psicometria, Organizzazioni Speciali (O.S.), Firenze, 1982.

Frank E, Carpenter LL, Dubfer DJ: Sex differences in recurrent depression: Are there any that are significant? Am J Psychiatry, 145:41, 1988.

Gordon E, Kraiuhin C et al.: Auditory evoked responses potentials in somatization disorder. J Psychiat Res, 20:237, 1986.

Hagnel O, Rorsman B: Suicide and endogenous depression with somatic symptoms in the Lundby study. Neuropsychobiology, 4:180, 1978.

Hamilton M: Frequency of symptoms in melancholia (depressive illness). Br J Psychiatry, 154:201, 1989.

Janet P: L’Automatisme Psychologique. Felix Alcan, Paris, 1889; (reprint: Société Pierre Janet, Paris, 1973)

Janet P: The Mental State of Hystericals: A Study of Mental Stigmata and Mental Accidents. (1907)

Putman, New York, Reprint University Publications of America, 1977.

Kellner R: A Symptom Questionnaire. J Clin Psychiatry, 48:268, 1987.

Kellner R: Functional somatic symptoms and hypochondriasis: A survey of empirical studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 42:821, 1985.

Kellner R: Somatization and Hypochondriasis. Praeger-Greenwood, New York, 1986.

Kellner R, Slocumb T et al: Hostility, somatic symptoms and hypochondriacal fears and beliefs. J Nerv Ment Dis, 173:554,1985.

Kerns RD, Turk DC, Rudy TE: The West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI). Pain, 23:345, 1985.

Kihlstrom JF: Dissociative and conversion disorders. In: Stein DJ , Young J (Eds.) "Cognitive Science and Clinical Disorders", Academic Press, New York, 1992.

Kihlstrom JF: One hundred years of hysteria. In: Lynn SJ , Rhue JW (Eds.) "Dissociation: Clinical and Theoretical Perspectives", Guilford, New York, 1994.

Kramer-Ginsberg E, Greenwald BS et al.: Hypochondriasis in the elderly depressed. J Am Geriatr Soc, 37:507, 1989.

Lipowski ZJ: Somatization and depression. Psychosomatics, 31:13, 1990.

Liskow B, Penick EC et al.: Inpatients with Briquet’s syndrome: presence of additional psychiatric syndromes and MMPI results. Compreh Psychiatry, 27:461, 1986.

Maiani G, Sanavio E: Il McGill Pain Questionnaire: Presentazione di una versione italiana. Boll Psicol Appl, 170:37, 1984.

Main CJ: The Modified Perception Questionnaire (ASPQ). J Psychosom Res, 27:503, 1983.

Mandler G, Mandler JM, Uviller ET: Autonomic feedback: The perception of autonomic activity. J Abnorm Social Psychol, 56:367, 1958.

Mechanic D, Volkart EH: Illness behavior and medical diagnosis. J Health Hum Behav, 1:86, 1960.

Melzack R: The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods. Pain, 1:277, 1975.

Moldofsky H, England RS: Facilitation of somatosensory average-evoked potentials in hysterical anaesthesia and pain. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 32:193, 1975.

Nijenhuis ERS, Spinhoven P et al.: The development and psychometric characteristics of the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ-20). J Nerv Ment Dis, 184:688, 1996.

Orenstein H: Briquet’s syndrome in association with depression and panic: A reconceptualization of Briquet’s syndrome. Am J Psychiatry, 146:334, 1989.

Parker JDA, Bagby RM et al.: Factorial validity of the twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Eur J Personality, 7:221, 1993.

Phillips KA, Gunderson CG et al.: A comparison study of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 59:568, 1998.

Phillips KA, Hollander E et al.: A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: Development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Psychopharm Bull. 33:17, 1997.

Pilowsky I: Manual of the Illness Behavior Questionnaire. Univ of Adelaide, 1983.

Pilowsky I: Dimensions of illness behaviour as measured by the Illness Behaviour Questionnaire: A replication study. J Psychosom Res, 37:53, 1993.

Pilowsky I, Spence ND: Patterns of illness behaviour syndromes in patients with intractable pain. J Psychosom Res, 19:279, 1975.

Pollard CA: Preliminary validity study of the Pain Disability Index. Percept Motor Skills, 59:974, 1984.

Robins L, Wing J et al: The Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 45:1069, 1988.

Rosen JC, Reiter JL: Development of the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination. Behav Res Ther, 34:755, 1996.

Ross CA, Heber S et al.: Somatic symptoms in multiple personality disorder. Psychosomatics, 30:154, 1989.

Saxe GN, Chinman G et al.: Somatization in patients with dissociative disorders. Am J Psychiatry, 151:1329, 1994.

Shagass C, Schwartz M: Psychiatric disorder and deviant cerebral responsiveness to sensory stimulation. In: Wortis J (Ed.) "Recent Advances in Biological Psychiatry", vol. 5, Plenum, New York, 1963.

Simon GE: Somatization and psychiatric disorders. In: Kirmayer LJ et al. (Eds.) "Somatization: Research and Clinical Perspectives", APP, Washington, DC, 1991.

Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M: Instruction manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID, 4/1/87 revision). Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, 1987.

Tacchini G, Janca A, Isaac M: Somatoform Disorders Schedule. World Health Organization, Geneve, 1996.

Taylor GJ, Bagby RM, Parker JDA: The alexithymia construct: A potential paradigm for psychosomatic medicine. Psichosomatics, 32:153, 1991.

Taylor GJ: Alexithymia: Concept, measurement, and implications for treatment. Am J Psychiatry, 141:725, 1984.

Toone BK: Disorders of hysterical conversion. In: Bass C (Ed.) "Somatization: Physical Symptoms and Psychological Illness", Blackwell scientific, Oxford, 1990.

Turk DC, Rudy TE: The roustness of an empirically derived taxonomy of chronic pain patients. Pain, 43:27, 1990.

Turkat ID, Pettegrew LS: Development and validation of the Illness Behavior Inventory. J Behav Assess, 5:35, 1983.

Loading

Autore

sommario

Parte generale

Parte speciale

CAPITOLO 29 - Gli effetti indesiderati dei trattamenti psicofarmacologici